return to GSR Home Page

Return to Setterfield Simplified

Ionization

Glow mode: neon signs, auroras, fire

Ark mode: the sun, arc welder's torch, lightning

Fornax A

3C296

NVSS2146 + 82

 

The Ant Nebula

The Boomerang Nebula

Both the above pictures were taken in labs. The picture on the left shows multiple small plasmoids being formed on individual plasma filaments. The picture on the right shows a larger plasmoid.

It should also be noted that there is a plasma sphere around each planet -- earth's is often called an ionosphere or a magnetosphere. Ions result in plasmas and magnetisim always circles an electric current.

Below is an example of the size of earth's plasma sphere compare to the planet itself.

It is because of our plasma sphere that we have the beautiful auroras. If you look at the illustration above, you will see that the plasma sphere bends in at the north and south poles. When the sun shoots out an extra charge, such as a solar flare, in our direction, the energy is directed away from the earth by our plasma sphere, protecting us. But it does energize the plasma at the north and south poles where the sphere itself curves to us in response to our own magnetic field. This extra energy sends our plasma, which is usually in dark (see-through) mode, into glow mode, with the different colors reflecting the elements affected.

So What About Gravity?

We have been taught that gravity is responsible for most of the processes in the universe. But gravity is a weak force. That is why it is figured that, if gravity is responsible, it took billions of years for all the stars and galaxies we see to form. But it is easy to challenge gravity. Lift up something. Walk. You have just defied gravity. Now play with some decent-sized magnets -- say, the size of your hands. Stick them together. Now pull them apart. You probably cannot -- you might be able to slide them apart, but you cannot easily pull them apart. Just those little magnets are much stronger than gravity. Out in space, electromagnetism is 10³⁹ times stronger than gravity. Gravity is slow. Electromagnetism is fast.

There are a number of basic problems with the gravitational model.

1. The spin rate of galaxies. In our solar system, a tiny thing compared to the universe, and controlled by gravity, the planets circle the sun at vastly different rates. Little Mercury, closest to the sun, makes a complete circuit around it in just 88 days. The earth takes 365 days. By the time we get out to Neptune and Uranus, we are talking about hundreds of years to make one circuit of the sun. This is how gravity behaves -- the inner part of the circle spins much faster than the outer part.

However, that is not what we see with galaxies. The outer arms are spinning as fast around the core as the inner sections are. It is for this reason that dark matter has been postulated. For gravity to work to spin the outer arms that fast, there must be massive amounts of matter we don't see exerting that force.

However, when we work with plasma filaments in the lab, and see the miniature galaxies forming, the outer arms spin as fast as the inner sections do. That is simply the nature of plasma. In other words, that is exactly what we are seeing in outer space. No dark matter needed.

2. Galaxy Formation -- We are told our universe is about 14,500,000,000 years old (14.5 billion). If gravity is responsible for galaxy formation, it is figured that at least a billion years would be needed for a galaxy to form. The Webb telescope, however, has photographed complete galaxies that appear about 180,000,000 (180 million) years after the Big Bang. That is 1/5 the expected time for gravity to do its work. It is impossible for gravity to work that fast. As one astronomer wrote: "Galaxies are exploding out of the woodwork...we'll require something very new about galaxy formation, or a modification to cosmology." The actual evidence points to something much more rapid forming galaxies. Plasma, with its electromagnetic properties, works much more quickly than gravity ever could.

3. The window of formation -- No matter which model is being discussed, it is agreed that the early plasma was too hot and too violent for anything to form gravitationally. It had to expand and cool off a bit so that atoms and molecules could form. In the gravitational model, there is a very small window of time between that plasma starting to cool and everything beeing too far apart for gravity to form anything.

 

That window of time for the formation of galaxies is simply too short/small for gravity to produce all we see out there in that amount of time -- especially understanding that gravity is actually a weak force. . Gravity has a very short time to act if it is going to pull all the universe together -- before everything is too far apart in a rapidly expanding universe. Plasma does not have that problem. The filaments formed early and they can keep on acting through time.

4. Star Formation -- We are taught that stars are formed as gravity pulls random material together until is coalesces into a hot, molten mass and becomes a nuclear furnace. The problem with this, which many are still trying to solve, is that as the material got closer together, it would heat up, and thus drive itself apart. The increasing heat would overcome any gravitational attraction. It is fairly easy to see that stars form at plasma pinches, however. This was shown above.

5. Element Formation -- How did all the elements form in the early universe? There is a consensus of opinion that the first and predominant element was hydrogen. What we are taught is that when the stars formed (gravitationally), and became nuclear furnaces, they formed the various elements inside them and then, when they burst, they spread the elements throughout space. No one is able to figure out how this happened with just hydrogen, however. Some other element had to be involved from the beginning and a number of possibilities have been worked with.

In 2003, Dr. Edward Boudreaux presented the theory of element formation in a hot plasma which also had oxygen as well as hydrogen. H₂O is water. A water plasma, containing twice as much hydrogen as oxygen, in a very hot state, was found to be capable of forming all the known elements in their known abundances in less than an hour. If that idea has any validity, then where is the oxygen in space? We see vast hydrogen clouds, but oxygen? It was only recently that the oxygen clouds were found.

hydrogen cloud

oxygen clouds (green)

For a number of years, astrophysicists have been searching for what they considered to be missing matter left over from the Big Bang. The Hubble Space Telescope & European Space Agency’s X-ray Multi-Mirror Mission (XMM-Newton) have been employed in the search for this missing matter. Since 2012, Professor Michael Shull & Charles Danforth of Colorado University, Boulder, have collected this data. On 21st June 2018, in the scientific journal Nature, they and their team announced the missing matter had been found and it consisted of oxygen nuclei. Huge plasma filaments of oxygen nuclei were hidden between the ordinary galaxies and large galaxy clusters. In June 2018, the discovery was made that this missing oxygen only had one electron attached instead of the usual 8 (oxygen has eight protons in its nucleus). This is one reason it was not discovered earlier. No-one had been looking for the signature of oxygen with a plus 7 charge. This strong positive charge means it was highly ionized and so was in the form of plasma.

6. Heavy elements at the edges of the universe -- Because the gravitational model says most elements -- and all heavy ones -- formed in the centers of stars and then exploded out, no heavy elements were expected early in the universe. The current Big Bang answers to problems disagree with what we actually see in space. The most distant, and thus earliest, objects visible in universe are quasars, which existed shortly after the universe began. They are the ultra-brilliant centers of galaxies, with polar jets.. Spectroscopes reveal that quantities of magnesium & iron exist in these earliest quasars. On the standard model currently being followed, these heavier elements did not have time to form yet, let alone be built up to the observed abundances that early in the universe’s history.

Here is a graph of the elements found in distant quasars by the use of spectrometers. They include hydrogen, H; helium, He; carbon, C; nitrogen, N; oxygen, O; silicon, Si; iron, Fe; and magnesium, Mg. The graph also tells us the relative abundances of the elements, which is basically the same as we see throughout the universe today.

As a result of these observations, a recent determination of the amount of iron and magnesium in distant quasars was done by Dietrich et al. The astounding result was that they found the abundance of iron & magnesium in the most distant quasars is essentially the same as in nearby galaxies.
From this there were two conclusions that could be drawn.

Conclusion 1: Heavy elements were already there in the cores of the earliest galaxies (the quasars). This presents a time problem. How did these elements get there so early? There was not enough time or generations of stars to form them that early on the standard model.
Conclusion 2: Since there is little change in the abundances of the various elements over time, this suggests that all the elements were there almost from the beginning. How can that happen without stars?

It happens in a hot, water plasma.

July 27, 2022, Alison Kirkpatrick, an expert in supermassive black holes, from the University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, stated, "Right now, I find myself lying away at three in the morning, wondering if everything I have ever done is wrong."

So there is plasma. How does this fit with biblical creation?

Let's look at the first two verses of the Bible. In pictures, we are used to seeing these verses refer to a nice new globe of earth in a blue sky. However, if we look at the actual Hebrew words themselves, that does not seem to be what they are talking about. Let's look at those words:

In Genesis 1:1, we read "In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth."

Resiyt – beginning.  Used 51 times in the Old Testament.  Other meanings:  “first, firstfruits, beginning, best, early, beginnings, choice, choice parts, early, finest…”  Indication is that what was first was best. This ties in with Romans 8:20 – “For the creation was subjected to frustration, not by its own choice, but by the will of the one who subjected it, in the hope that the creation itself will be liberated from its bondage to decay.”

Elohim – authority, god, God – a plural word meaning more than two
“el” is the basic designation for God or a god in the singular.  We find it is such names as Daniel ( “God is my judge”), Samuel (“name of God”), Jehezkel (“may God strengthen”), Jathniel (“God-given”), Haziel (“vision of God”), etc.
“eloh” is the simple plural, meaning two
But when the ‘im’ ending is added, it means three or more.  We see this in words we can recognize, such as ‘cherubim’ and ‘seraphim.’

So there is a plural being referenced here. However, that plural is always used with a singluar verb when talking about God. (It would be like saying "We is" instead of "we are," or "they is" rather than "they are"). This is explained by the famous words of Deuteronomy 6:4 -- "Hear O Israel, the Lord our God, the Lord is one."

Bara – there are two verbs used in Genesis 1 which refer to making something.  The first is ‘bara.’  This verb is used on only three occasions in Genesis 1.  The other, more commonly used verb, is ‘asah.’  Both can mean to make something out of a pre-existing substance, as when a potter makes a vase out of clay.  ‘Asah’ has that meaning exclusively.  But ‘bara’ has another meaning – its primary meaning:  ‘to make something from nothing.’  When juxtaposed to ‘asah,’ as it is in Genesis 1, its primary meaning is emphasized:  to create, or make something out of nothing.   

Shamayim – translated in English, and most other languages, as “heaven or heavens.”  However, the meaning is actually ‘to be lofty’ or ‘that which is lofty/lifted up.’  It is a plural word from an unused singular root (sort of like the words ‘sheep’ and ‘trout.’) Again, the 'im' ending indicates three or more. The ancient people used the term 'heaven' in the same three ways we do: 1) the heaven in which the birds fly and from which the rain comes (the atmosphere); 2) the heaven where there are stars, the sun, and the moon (outer space); and 3) the heaven which is, in the ancient Hebrew culture, referred to as "God's throne." (So when Paul says he was taken to the third heaven, he was referring, as his readers then knew, to the presence of God.)

Eres (or 'eretz') – earth.   This always means a ‘substance,’ or ‘stuff.’  It is from a primary root meaning ‘firm’ or ‘to be firm.’  In other words, not necessarily confined to ‘earth’ as a meaning.  After creation week, however, we see it used almost exclusively as referring to either land masses or a people associated with a particular land mass or area.  It NEVER means ‘people’ in general.   It ALWAYS means, or refers to, some kind of physical stuff.

So let’s look at verse 1 of Genesis 1 in its widest possible meaning:

IN THE BEGINNING, WHICH WAS THE BEST, THE TRINITY GOD CREATED FROM NOTHING THAT WHICH IS LOFTY AND LIFTED UP AND THAT WHICH IS FIRM.

The other, and very important, thing to notice about this first sentence in the Bible, is that it ties time, space and mass together. This trio describes the creation in which we live. Time itself is measured by the movement of mass through space, whether it be the hands of a clock moving or galaxies themselves traveling. Without time or space, mass could not exist. Without mass or time, 'space,' or 'that which is lofty,' has no meaning. So with its very first sentence the Bible presents a major scientific truth: We live in a time/space/mass continuum, and we are told God created it out of nothing. What was it like before that? We have no frame of reference to even attempt a guess. As C.S. Lewis once wrote, for us to try to imagine a life apart from this creation is something like trying to tell a fish what it is like to breathe air.

Verse 2 has several different words in various translations, but essentially it says "Now the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was on the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God was hovering over the face of the waters.”

Please consider, before we even look at the words themselves: 1) the earth has form and is not void; 2) even molecules and atoms have form, and 3) only plasma has no form.

Tehom – This word is translated ‘deep.’   However, this translation is much too limited when considering its actual meaning.  The word itself means ‘a surging mass, as of water.’  In other words, it is not necessarily water, but the concept of something like a tsunami is as close as it could come in years past.  It is our guess that because surging ocean waves were as close as they knew to ‘tehom,’ the translation of ‘deep’ meaning, at least, a lot of water, became traditional.

Choshek – darkness --  from ‘chashak’ meaning ‘dark, to hide, to be dim; figuratively meaning misery, destruction, death, ignorance, sorrow, wickedness.’   There is an interesting note to add here.  In every culture, the concept of seeing the light is synonymous with understanding.  “Do you see?”  This question, in any language, means, “Do you understand?”  If we consider that this double meaning has been there since the beginning, it helps us understand the meaning of Christ being the light of the world, and of men loving darkness.

It is important to understand, however, that Genesis 1 is talking about the physical creation, so the light and darkness being referred to are physical things, not spiritual.

Rahap – the traditional interpretations of this word are ‘hovering,’ or ‘brooding.’  This, however, is not the way this word is used in other places in the Bible.   When the Alexandrian Septuagint was translated three hundred years before Christ, the word chosen by the Hebrew scholars in the Greek for this word is the exact same word we find in the Greek in Acts 27:

Verse 17: “When they had taken it on board, they used cables to undergird the ship; and fearing lest they should run aground on Syrtis Sands, they struck sail and so were driven."

Verse 27: “But when the fourteenth night had come, as we were driven up and down in the Adriatic Sea, about midnight the sailors sense that they were drawing near some land.”

In other words, the indication is of the Holy Spirit acting as a driving force.

Paneh – surface, face of the waters.  But this may be putting a constriction on the use of the word not originally intended.  It is used 2127 times in the Old Testament and only ten times is translated as ‘surface’.  Some of the other common translations are ‘before’ (542 times when used with another word), ‘face’ (211 times), ‘presence’ (108 times), etc.

Mayim is ‘waters.’  The ‘im’ ending indicates multiple, or a plural of more than two.  The root word is ‘ma’ and we can see this in a variety of places today.  The ‘seas’ on the moon are called ‘mares.’  The “mo” in Moses” is simply a variation of the “ma” root. The name Moses means “out from the water.”  It is interesting that the one element Bourdeaux found that, when its plasma combined with hydrogen plasma, could produce all the elements, was oxygen. Mayim -- waters -- is right there in the beginning of the Bible, referring to oxygen and hydrogen. The word translated 'heavens' is 'shamayim' -- water in it, or water of it.

Let’s look at the widest meanings possible of the first two verses of Genesis.

IN THE BEGINNING, WHICH WAS THE BEST, THE TRINITY GOD CREATED FROM NOTHING THAT WHICH IS LOFTY AND LIFTED UP AND THAT WHICH IS FIRM.
THAT WHICH WAS FIRM HAD NO FORM, AND WAS EMPTY (OR VOID); AND DARKNESS WAS OVER THE SURGING MASS.  THE SPIRIT OF GOD WAS DRIVING THE WATERS.

So the folk claiming there was a Big Bang, or, more properly, a big expansion, are right. They are just a few thousand years catching up with what the Bible has been saying all along. It must be noted that, as point out in the ZPE section (following this one), at least ten times in the Bible God says HE stretched out the heavens. Scientists cannot explain where the energy for that massive expansion came from. God says He did it.

The next day of creation we read "Let there be light." What is light? Light is made up of discrete charges called photons. A photon is created when an electron is forced out of its position relative to its nucleus and then snaps back. That snap-back releases a tiny bit of energy -- a photon of light. The original plasma did not have formed atoms, but the electrons were still moving at incredible speeds. As the plasma started to spread and cool (that's a relative term), the atoms formed. But there was still no light. Why? Have you ever driven in a fog? If you turn on your headlights to bright, the light from them will bounce back at you and you will not be able to see ahead at all. At the edges of the universe, we can see that original fog. It has been named the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR).

 

We can see the same thing with water. The splashing water is opaque; the calm water is clear. On the morning of day 2, light shone through the fog, the darkness.

This is what we see of the CMBR today. The light is separated from the darkenss

As the plasma filaments formed, we see something else that our space telescopes have captured: those bright spots below along those giant filaments are not stars -- they are entire galaxies. The galaxies themselves are lined up along plasma filaments hundreds of millions of light years long. Again, we see light separated from darkness. Let there be light.

The Bible says the sun did not start shining until day 4. The plasma pinch would explain that, but that leaves a question: what did 'evening and morning' refer to before then? Where did the earth gets its light for those first days? The next section, on the Zero Point Energy, will deal with the speed of light through time, but right now this question can be answered with "our quasar." Today it takes a little over 8 minutes for light to reach us from the sun. In the earliest times, the light from our quasar reached us in a little over 3 1/2 minutes.

Something else is very interesting in the passage on day 4. Here it is, with some words in bold:

Then God said, “Let there be lights in the firmament of the heavens to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs and seasons, and for days and years;  and let them be for lights in the firmament of the heavens to give light on the earth”; and it was so.  Then God made two great lights: the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night. He made the stars also.  God set them in the firmament of the heavens to give light on the earth,  and to rule over the day and over the night, and to divide the light from the darkness. And God saw that it was good.  So the evening and the morning were the fourth day.

If you read the above passage without the words in bold, it flows very smoothly and naturally. It appears Moses added those words. Why? At the time he was putting together the ancient scrolls, the Egyptians considered the stars to either be gods, to be representatives of gods, or to be made by the gods. Moses contradicts all of that by attributing the stars to God's creation. He does NOT say all the stars were made on the fourth day. In fact, the Bible corrects that idea in the book of Job. In chapter 38 of the book of Job, God is answering Job:

“Where were you when I laid the foundations of the earth?
Tell Me, if you have understanding.
 Who determined its measurements?
Surely you know!
Or who stretched the line upon it?
 To what were its foundations fastened?
Or who laid its cornerstone,
 When the morning stars sang together,
And all the sons of God shouted for joy?

Astronomers have defined two basic populations of stars: I and II. Population II are the early stars, the red giants in the cores of the galaxies. Population I, like our sun, were formed later, and are in the spiral arms of the galaxies.

We are told these two basic generations of stars are about 4 billion years apart in age. When the math is done, correcting for both plasma interactions and the Zero Point Energy (the second article here), that corrects to about four literal days. Barry did not expect that. When he did the math, it was out of curiosity. The results were a shock.

From earliest times, the Bible has been understood to some extent by everyone via their own frame of reference. Jesus Himself referred to Genesis creation as truth. It is today, with our newly understood facts about the universe itself that we are beginning to really understand that the Bible has known what it is talking about all along. It did not matter if people did not understand what Genesis was talking about. They were smart enough to believe it and now, in this generation, we can validate that belief with the data.

 

continue to Zero Point Energy